Bisexuality and Fanfic
Apr. 5th, 2009 12:44 amIn fanfic, all too frequently characters who have had heterosexual relationships are presented as gay and closeted. (Not bi and closeted.) In fannish squee, slashy subtext is generally welcomed as "gay". It hardly ever seems to allow for bisexuality.1) This is so not my experience--but OTOH, I'm filtering it through het male privilege, so it could just be there and I'm not noticing it. I wondered if this could be an issue with m/m slash more than slash in the broadest sense, but
Can anybody on the flist think of femslash pairings where this sort of thing might happen?
2) Or this seems like it could be linked to OTP-ism. Since one of the common tropes of OTP-ism is that all relationships pale in comparison to the OTP, of course Character A's real sexuality can only be that which pairs them with B. Since all relationships with the gender B isn't are by definition lesser, than A can't really be attracted to that gender. It's stupid logic, but that's OTP-ism for you. And since I don't read OTP-y fic, it'd explain why the fic I read/write has bi characters, or at least characters engaged in queer acts while only being seen as het in canon without being explicitly labelled as something other than bi.
I wonder if this could be systematically studied? Read a bunch of OTP fics, then quantitate the bi visibility somehow, and then do the same for a bunch of rarepair fics. The only femslash OTP I read on a significant enough basis is in DWP, though, and I hadn't noticed that those fics erased Nate--just mocked and marginalized him (as well they should).
3) Most m/m or f/f fic I read/write is about queer acts more than queer experience--the love of A for B rather than A coming to terms with her sexuality. In the fic I read, characters don't struggle with their sexual identity--whether it be straight, gay, or bi--and homophobia is largely absent. That's part of the fantasy.
Queer acts between two cisgendered persons have to be either homosexual or heterosexual (am I missing something?); bisexuality only becomes relevant when characters begin putting themselves in boxes. Most (but not all) fic I read/write isn't about that. "My" Dawn is absolutely bi (other characters might have other identities, or it might depend on the fic, although most are bi), but I might not manage (or even try) to make that clear in a particular fic.
In WNG Femslash, I looked at the sexual identities of some of the charcters in my fic. And there are characters who, to me, have constant sexual identities. Whenever I write Dawn, she's bi. Whenever I write Willow, she's gay. Buffy's straight in my head unless I'm writing her in a femslash pairing. But does the fact that Amanda and Vi have sex in Just Skin and its sequel First Time's Not the End of the World mean they're gay or bi or straight or what? Hell if I know.
In military fandoms like SG1/SGA, DADT also makes an emphasis on the queer experience more necessary than it would be in, say, Buffy, I think.
4) Asking why people who are interested in writing about the queer experience might tend not to write characters as bi is certainly an interesting question. Indeed, out of the hundreds of stories I've written, most of them femslash, I consider one of them, My Girlfriend is a Telepath, to be about the queer experience--and yes, sure enough, bisexuality is never mentioned.
But then the word "gay" is only used once in the entire story, by Kitty's brother in the IM conversation which closes the fic:
rdwingzkikass: hey sisSimilarly, the word "lesbian" is never mentioned either, although there are a couple uses of "dyke" by homophobic, mutant-phobic street hoodlums. So even in my story about the queer experience queerness as an identity is never utilized except from without--and every time it does, it's by objectifying males. It's a story about "repression and coming out," to use
arielsprite129: hey
rdwingzkikass: mom sez ur gay now?!1?
arielsprite129: i dunno. i guess. maybe.
rdwingzkikass: cool. B-]
rdwingzkikass: is she hot?
While I'm sure there are cases of biphobia or mononormativity at work in some "coming out" stories, I'm not quite succeeding in imagining how the systemic process would work--which is probably a failure of imagination on my part. But there does seem to be enough of a pattern to assume that something systemic is going on. So I don't know.
5) It's not just my story; conversationally it's common to say "gay" and mean "queer," which adds to the problem. Fic often needs to be realistic about this or risks going into OOC territory; how would most canon characters refer to "not-straightness"? Which, yes, is a reflection of biphobia in the source text, which is a reflection of--and normalization of--biphobia in the real world. But I think
6) How much is this linked to our sucky classificatory schema? I'm still trying to struggle with what was mean by "erasing" a gender. Femslash generally isn't about men; m/m slash isn't about women. Now obviously fics can and do contain both m/m and f/f pairings within the same fic, but the way our genre system leads us to think about a fic being either about a m/m pairing or about an f/f pairing or about a het pairing or about plot (i.e., gen) is extremely problematic, as I and others have argued at length before. Is this leading into bi invisibility in fic?
7) How is this related to who's writing the fic? We can explain bi and lesbian writers erasing women in m/m fic either as biphobia or as misogyny. Do we even need as complicated an explanation for the straight women who may be erasing women in m/m fic? And if I'm erasing men in my m/m, misandry strikes me as a more likely culprit than biphobia (but then I'm the worst person to judge, being me).
8)
Also, again, the existence of DADT exacerbates the problem in military fandoms--it makes the "not caring about sexual identities" thing literally impossible.
9) I find myself getting flummoxed by terminology, because straight != 100% straight, only ever attracted to the opposite gender. I'm not so much as agnostic as to whether 100% straight people exist as I find the very question to be a dangerous reification of the Kinsey scale: it assumes sexuality can be quantified, that we can possibly mean something by the English phrase "one hundred percent straight" when really, we can't. I find myself not wanting to homophobically deny my same-sex attraction but at the same time not acting like the fact I wouldn't turn down phone sex with David Tennant makes me bi--not because I don't want to be bi but because I'm just not, and I don't want to appropriate someone else's identity. (And this is true on the other side of the scale, too: is the assumption that all talk of gayness constitutes bi invisibility itself a medium of bi invisibility? Because obviously gay != 100% gay any more than straight = 100% straight.)
(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-05 01:58 pm (UTC)Another factor is that I read and write a lot of m/f/m and f/m/f threesomes (or polyfic where canonically straight characters continue their canon het relationships, while also being involved in homosexual relationships), which relies on a more fluid definition of sexuality. . .
(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-05 08:14 pm (UTC)But of course this is just me - I put a lot of effort into not noticing prejudices of every sort, and not getting upset about the ones I do happen to notice. Of course different strokes for different folks, I know a lot of peeps adopt alternative strategies for whatever reason. We all have different triggers and ignition points. And I admit I did once lose it and ask my flist not to claim Ianto was being badly written for having 'switched' from straight to gay. (What can I say - I'd been having a bad month. Even the best of us give in to the siren call of PC at times ;)
Oh well aren't we all. It takes several paragraphs to describe my sexuality, not any single word, and it certainly comes under the heading of TMI so I am not inclined to do it with any but my closest friends. So for the benefit of strangers I will happily use words like 'gay', queer' or 'bi' simply as useful shorthand to help them grasp the general idea of 'a minority sexuality'. I tend to assume most other 'gay', 'queer' etc. people use the words in a similar way. One thing we do all have in common, I assume, is that we have probably had to think about our sexualities a lot, and thus are rather aware of all the complexities. This makes it extra odd to me that homosexuals might be prejudiced against bi folk. I can maybe see it if I sort of squint sideways and assume a certain amount of the cabin boy kicking the cat, but it still doesn't quite ring true. My inclination is to dismiss the claim as attention seeking. Apart from anything else, unless you spend your life amongst homosexuals who happen to have the prejudice, why would it even matter? As you say, it is hard to spot where the systemic problem might lie.
I think most people will agree one should never say never, but I also think I can happily grasp the idea of sexual phobias and squicks. And it does seem to me that a lot of heterosexual people have the equivalent of a phobia or squick at the thought of sex with someone of their own gender. So on those grounds I think it is fair for them to say they are 100% straight, just as I can say I am 100% not interested in eating live monkey brains. Yes, with appropriate therapy I could doubtless overcome my aversion, but since I have no interest in even considering such therapy the matter is moot.
The phenomenon of homophobia does fascinate me. I can't understand why it even exists in the first place, let alone why it is perpetuated. Cui bono?
(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-05 08:18 pm (UTC)Oh definitely misogny in my case. Never felt it was anything more complicated.
(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-05 08:20 pm (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-05 08:27 pm (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-06 06:08 am (UTC)When I say my motive is misogyny, I don't actually mean I think that is a bad thing. The main root of my 'misogyny' is that I live in a female dominated environment, and I write for escapism, including escapism from being female. So I write male dominated stories from a male POV. So when being slightly flippant with my old mate
I know though that some people turn to fiction or other media for not just escapism but for self discovery. And for them it can play a vital role in holding up different mirrors so they can find out who they are. I acknowledge this though as an observer and don't as a writer feel any obligation to provide them with alternative mirrors. I very much believe that each individual writer is entitled to write whatever they personally want and they should reject all pressure from readers to supply whatever particular thing the reader would prefer. I think this holds true whether the thing being asked for happens to be unicorn fic or more bi relationships. As a writer it's not my job to solve other people's identity problems. I'm a great believer in the maxim that if they want something different they should write it themselves. Or if they refuse to believe they are capable of writing then they should provide patronage to ghost writers who will. Ultimately all we ever write are our own stories, so if someone feels their personal story isn't being told their only option is to write it for themself.
(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-07 02:16 am (UTC)But when I first got into fandom (Buffy), most of what I read was about Xander discovering he is gay and going through that existential angst and forging a relationship with Spike. Lots and lots of We're Not Gay in that segment of the Jossverse and it's a trope I've sincerely come to despise. I find stories now and again that fall into that genre that I enjoy but they are very few and far between. Mostly I find the whole concept very insulting.
One of the things I notice in femslash is that I've rarely come across the We're Not Gay trope there. I hesitate to say it doesn't exist, because, dude, internet huge, but I can't think of a single femslash piece I've read that falls into that category. I wonder why. *muses* I'd love to find some femslash like that for comparison's sake.
(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-07 02:29 am (UTC)Yes, but it's not polite to do this in public, at least not to people in the (virtual) room.
(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-07 02:54 am (UTC)I suppose I could still see the kink-based, non-homophobic (or at least less homophobic) "our love is so great it transcends sexuality" versions of WNG operating in some femslash--I could see it working well in some Buffy/Faith, for example--but as you note, I haven't seen it. (It strikes me that the more OTP-y a pairing is, the more easily I can imagine WNG-ing it. I discuss the relationship between femslash and OTPs here.)
(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-07 09:56 am (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-07 01:09 pm (UTC)It's a lot harder to lose femininity, because not only is it a default position but most societies are set up so that masculinity is considered an Important Big Deal but femininity gets much less thought.
(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-07 06:18 pm (UTC)This hasn't been my experience. I see complaints about invisibility as, well, complaints about invisibility. I'm very secure in my identity as a bisexual/queer woman, but that doesn't mean that I wouldn't like to see people who are like me in that way represented in the tv and movies that I watch and in the books and comics that I read. That doesn't mean that I don't still get upset when people say that bisexuality isn't a "real" sexual orientation, that bisexual people just haven't made up their mind, that people who say they're bisexual just want to have a lot of sex, that bisexual means polyamorous, etc.
And there seem to be plenty of bi people in the media, at least as many as vanilla homosexuals, so I've personally never felt particularly invisible.
"[A]t least as many as vanilla homosexuals" is not what I would define as "plenty" when it comes to the media. I'm hard pressed to think of any bisexual people in media. I hear there are/have been some on shows I don't watch (Gray's Anatomy, Bones, Torchwood), but I'm hard pressed to think of ones on shows I do/have watch/ed, and I definitely feel like the (still small) number of gay men and lesbians in the media far outpaces the number of bisexuals in the media.
One thing we do all have in common, I assume, is that we have probably had to think about our sexualities a lot, and thus are rather aware of all the complexities. This makes it extra odd to me that homosexuals might be prejudiced against bi folk. I can maybe see it if I sort of squint sideways and assume a certain amount of the cabin boy kicking the cat, but it still doesn't quite ring true. My inclination is to dismiss the claim as attention seeking. Apart from anything else, unless you spend your life amongst homosexuals who happen to have the prejudice, why would it even matter? As you say, it is hard to spot where the systemic problem might lie.
I agree that there's an illogic in members of a sexual minority being prejudiced against members of another minority sexuality solely because of the latter's identity labels, but I don't think the answer to that conundrum is, "Therefore that prejudice doesn't exist." I think there is some logic behind the prejudice actually (resentment that bisexuals are able to access a lot of heterosexual privilege, for one), but also, has logic ever been a prerequisite for prejudice?
I'm really uncomfortable with the framing of this as "attention seeking." I think it is bisexual people saying that their experience isn't getting represented -- is getting ignored or misrepresented -- and that this is a problem. Their experience may be different from your experience, even though you both claim the same umbrella identifier term, but that doesn't make their experience invalid.
I don't even know where to begin with "unless you spend your life amongst homosexuals who happen to have the prejudice, why would it even matter?" Are you conceding that the prejudice DOES exist and we should just try to avoid the people who have it? (Which, one, undermines the sense I get of your general argument in this comment, and two, is a really problematic statement to be making about any experience of prejudice.) Isn't the whole claim of trobadora and chasingtides and others that we/they ARE surrounded by people who have this prejudice?
(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-13 02:45 pm (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-17 01:01 am (UTC)In other sexuality related news, it might be the fandoms in which I participate, but I do often see either the characters referring to themselves as gay or the authors/readers refer to the characters as gay. It's most often the latter, I admit. But it does frustrate me to no end when people call Ianto Jones "gay" or refer to an RPS character as "gay" when the fic does recognise that he was with women. Or that the character decides that because he's falling for a man, his ex-girlfriend must have meant nothing - the automatic assumption that feelings for one sex erase the other. (In this case I am thinking of the Supernatural RPS fandom where this seems to be common trope.)
I have heard the argument that, basically, "gay" = anyone attracted to anyone who isn't their own gender. And the thing is - that's biphobia in our language. It doesn't work like that. Gay does have a fairly specific meaning. For example, I, a pansexual woman, don't feel included in the "gay" category. If I said I were gay, it would be a lie and appropriating an identity that isn't my own. I don't see why fiction (or discussions about fiction) should be any different.
(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-17 03:06 am (UTC)Revolutionary Girl Utena, but that series has the most elaborate relationship charts I've ever considered.
Since one of the common tropes of OTP-ism is that all relationships pale in comparison to the OTP, of course Character A's real sexuality can only be that which pairs them with B. Since all relationships with the gender B isn't are by definition lesser, than A can't really be attracted to that gender. It's stupid logic, but that's OTP-ism for you.
But in that fervent of OTPism there's also the matter that any relationships the characters have outside the OTP don't matter, no matter the orientation.
I wonder though...In an original story of mine, the male lead is bisexual and at one point has a fling with one of his (male) subordinants. The female lead has a fling at the same time with one of her (male) allies. The parallel is meant to be "they're apart so they're straying" but when they deem that the flings aren't what they're after, people are going to take it waaaaay out of context and make the bisexual guy being in love with the girl skewed far more than the girl in love with the bisexual guy. To me, it's on an equal playing field and not meant to say anything at all about sexuality, just the individual characters. And unfortunately people will see the parallel as unequal.
(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-17 04:40 am (UTC)You assume in the mind of the writer and reader that both partners in a m/m or f/f fic are being characterized as male & male or female & female. I don't think that's the case. More often than not, it seems, one partner in these sorts of stories will take the role of "The Woman" and the other "The Man". What sex organs they possess becomes irrelevant because their love story, in the mind of the reader and writer, starts to slide into a vanilla, married and together forever, heteronormative mold. I theorize that people ignore the issues of actual sexual identity in fic because of this phenomenon. It isn't REALLY a gay story. It's Romeo and Juliet where Juliet has her chest taped down and hair cut short. So, all the regular biases and prejudices still apply. Issues of homophobia in regards to all aspects of GLBT identity still apply.
This is especially true of, and easy to see, anime fandoms and, well, any fandom with a basis in Asia.
Take a look at any given anime fandom's most popular OTP and chances are one half of that pair: 1) has shaggy or long hair, 2) is shorter and leaner than the other half of the pair, and 3) is voiced by a female actress. About the only thing that makes some of these characters male is, well, the general assumption of masculine parts. Hell, making these boys crossdress in even the most serious series is a standard of the genre.
Things I've noticed in fandom that make me believe this:
1) The prevalence of secrets on fandom secrets about people who read/write/love slash and yet are anti-gay or anti-same-sex-marriage.
2) The persistent existence of mpreg. The fall in love, get married, and have children, right? That's what couples do? Right?
3) The constant complaints I see by gay men or those informed in the ways of real life same-sex m/m relationships about the lack of verisimilitude in the sex lives of slash fic partners. The over use of anal sex, for instance. Or, the insistence that one partner is always the one who penetrates and the other. One becomes 'the woman' and the other 'the man'. They have to have anal, because that's the heteronormative thing to do. It's the gay missionary position, right? Right? And, they certainly can't change it up, because there's no way a "woman" can enter a "man".
4) The OTP phenomenon. Like you mentioned, there are many who act and write as though only one love or lover is valid in a lifetime. Well, that's the standard that the good straight couple in a fairy tale, or conservative religion, will be held to. You get married young and you stay married forever. Divorce is not an option. You can't sleep around. Strictly forbidden by doctrine.
That all being said, I do tend to see the idea of "love the person not the gender" come up far more often than "We're not gay, just..." The characters tend to live in a happy place where sexuality is defined by each person for themselves rather than broad, over sweeping stereotypes that fit no one. I'm happy with that most of the time.
But, my "OTP" of the moment conforms to this. One boy is, by his own description, the standard Japanese teenage boy. The other is a demon prince with long blond hair and a female voice actor who, in cannon and on purpose, behaves exactly like a nagging wife. For all intents and purposes he's probably more :traditionally female' than me and looks better in a dress.
Though, I identify as asexual, when forced to identify at all, so I'm not sure what sort of weird outsider's perspective this should be seen as coming from. I'm more in it for the happy-feely love and acceptance than anything. Maybe I gloss over the right/wrong kind of stories because of this.
(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-17 04:42 am (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2009-04-17 07:15 am (UTC)I remember a few boy's love manga (Zetsuai comes to mind) and manga-based fics in which this was reversed -"I'm heterosexual all the way, but this particular other man just happens to be my One True Love and Soulmate, so I'm making an exception just for him. I'm not gay/bi/anything but heterosexual". But I'm not entirely sure if that reasoning is common in non-manga fandoms as well. It might be a trope that people picked up from a few manga and then started applying to non-canon pairings as well.
(here via Metafandom, sorry for barging in so late in the discussion)
(no subject)
Date: 2009-05-04 01:19 am (UTC)As for seeing biphobia where there is only obsessive OTPing, that does not explain the many fics where the main characters go into their same gender sexual history, or an old same gender lover shows up to create drama, but different gender (even canon) love interests are invisible or dismissed.
I've seen a lot of fics that deal with gender queerness be bashed, and I'm sorry
Regardless of whether you believe biphobia really exists in slash fandom, when someone tells you they feel invisible and dismissed, replying that their emotions are irrelevant because the problem they experience isn't "real" isn't very likely to help them feel not invisible and dismissed. This is not aimed at